環境（Environment）主題佔 Task 2 約 12%。所有題目幾乎都在爭論同一件事：改變環境的責任在誰身上？

三種常見 framing

Framing 1：個人 vs 政府

Some say individuals should take responsibility for protecting the environment. Others argue only governments can make real change. Discuss both.

Band 7 立場：雙方都對——個人行為有規模效應，但政策才能強制執行。各段各發展。

Framing 2：富國 vs 窮國

Developed countries have caused most environmental damage. Should they bear more responsibility for fixing it?

Band 7 立場：歷史責任（Yes）但現實挑戰（窮國現在是主要排放源）。兼顧兩面得分最多。

Framing 3：經濟 vs 環境

Is it possible to protect the environment without harming economic growth?

Band 7 立場：green growth 是可能的——太陽能/電動車產業就是例子。但過渡期需要投資。

萬用論點（依 framing 分）

Framing 1 論點

個人那面：

While individual actions such as recycling or using public transport might seem small in isolation, their cumulative impact is significant. When millions of people adopt low-carbon habits, the aggregate reduction in emissions is substantial.

政府那面：

However, voluntary individual behaviour alone cannot address the scale of the crisis. Only governments possess the regulatory tools — carbon taxes, emissions caps, infrastructure investment — capable of shifting entire economies towards sustainability.

Framing 2 論點

歷史責任：

Developed nations industrialised first and, in the process, released the vast majority of cumulative CO₂ now in the atmosphere. Ethical frameworks such as "polluter pays" therefore assign them a greater share of the mitigation burden.

現實限制：

Nevertheless, insisting that wealthy nations act alone ignores the fact that current emissions are dominated by developing economies such as China and India. A purely historical approach risks becoming a moral statement without practical impact.

Framing 3 論點

兼容觀點：

The idea that environmental protection and economic growth are mutually exclusive is increasingly outdated. The rapid expansion of renewable energy, electric vehicles, and circular-economy industries demonstrates that sustainability itself can drive GDP growth.

環境主題詞彙（Band 7 必備）

| 中文 | 英文 | |-------------|----------------------------------------------| | 氣候變遷 | climate change | | 碳排放 | carbon emissions / greenhouse gases | | 減碳 | decarbonisation / emissions reduction | | 再生能源 | renewable energy / clean energy | | 化石燃料 | fossil fuels | | 碳足跡 | carbon footprint | | 永續發展 | sustainable development | | 循環經濟 | circular economy | | 生物多樣性 | biodiversity | | 森林砍伐 | deforestation | | 污染 | pollution (air / water / plastic) | | 過度消費 | overconsumption | | 政策誘因 | policy incentives / subsidies | | 碳稅 | carbon tax |

重要：不要把這個清單全塞進 280 字裡。選 6-8 個精準用就好。

常被考生寫爛的句型

❌ "We should protect our Earth because it is our only home"

這是小學等級。Band 5。

✅ "Protecting ecosystems is no longer a moral choice but an economic necessity, given that climate-related disasters now cost the global economy over $1 trillion annually."

Band 7 — 用數字 + 換框架（道德 → 經濟）。

範例 intro（Framing 3，經濟 vs 環境）

The question of whether environmental protection inevitably slows economic growth has long dominated policy debate. While earlier generations may have faced a genuine trade-off, I would argue that this framing has become outdated: the renewable-energy revolution now offers a clear path to economic expansion that is compatible with — and even dependent on — sustainability.

快速練習

題目：Some people argue that the best way to reduce pollution is to increase the price of fossil fuels. Do you agree or disagree?

思考框架：

  • 同意：carbon tax 改變行為、增稅收可投資綠能
  • 反對：影響低收入家庭、單靠價格不夠、需要配套

選一邊（建議「部分同意——碳稅有效，但需補貼配套」）寫 intro + 第一段論點。

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