看看這兩段寫的是同一件事——字數差一半：

Band 6 (42 字): There are people who are old and who live in places outside the city and who cannot easily go to the hospital when they are sick. This is a big problem.

Band 7+ (21 字): An ageing rural population with limited access to healthcare represents a pressing public-health concern.

同樣資訊——Band 7+ 版本用複雜名詞片語把整個 relative clause 壓成一個名詞組合。這是 Task 1 與 Task 2 都必備的 Band 7+ 技巧。

先看 被動語態攻略 與 條件句攻略。

為什麼複雜名詞片語 = Band 7+

IELTS Writing 評分有個隱形指標：information density（資訊密度）。Band 6 用句子表達一個想法；Band 7+ 用名詞片語表達。

好處：

  1. 字數更精省——關鍵資訊塞進一個主詞 / 受詞
  2. 語氣更學術——BBC、Economist、學術論文就是這樣寫
  3. 句子結構更多樣——不用每句都是「主詞 + 動詞 + relative clause」

名詞片語的基本結構

[前修飾]   +   [中心名詞]   +   [後修飾]
   ↓              ↓               ↓
形容詞、限定詞    名詞            of-片語、分詞、子句

範例拆解：

[A rapidly ageing rural] [population] [with limited healthcare access] 前修飾 中心名詞 後修飾

前修飾（Pre-modification）

形容詞順序——Band 7+ 必守的規則

英文裡一串形容詞修飾一個名詞時，順序不能亂。台灣考生常寫成 a red big old house——英語母語者聽起來像外星語。

標準順序（OPSHACOM 口訣）：

| Opinion | Size | Shape | Age | Colour | Origin | Material | Purpose | 名詞 | |----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|----------|----------|---------|----------| | beautiful| large | round | old | red | Chinese | wooden | dining | table |

✓ a beautiful large round old red Chinese wooden dining table ❌ a red old beautiful large Chinese round wooden dining table

現實：Task 2 很少用這麼多形容詞。但 2-3 個 經常用——順序一定要對。

✓ a large ageing population（Size + Age） ✓ a rapidly urbanising developing economy（副詞 + 進行式分詞 + 形容詞） ✓ strict environmental regulations（Opinion + Purpose）

副詞 + 形容詞 / 分詞

Band 7+ 高頻組合：

rapidly ageing / increasingly interconnected / widely accepted / heavily subsidised / newly established / poorly designed

範例：

The rapidly ageing workforce poses fresh challenges. A heavily subsidised energy sector has little incentive to innovate.

後修飾（Post-modification）

中心名詞後面可以加三種東西——every Band 7+ essay 都在用。

1. of-片語

the rise of artificial intelligence the impact of globalisation on wages a lack of access to healthcare the decline of manufacturing employment

2. -ing 分詞（主動意義）

a policy affecting millions of low-income households trends shaping the next decade legislation governing data privacy

3. -ed 分詞（被動意義）

measures aimed at reducing inequality data collected from over 10,000 participants policies adopted by most OECD nations

4. 介系詞片語（其他）

a debate over university funding pressure on rural schools a shift towards renewable energy

前 + 中 + 後修飾組合

Band 7+ 的 essay 裡最常見的名詞片語長這樣：

[A growing] [proportion] [of young graduates entering unstable employment] [Increasingly strict] [regulations] [governing air quality in major cities] [Widely documented] [concerns] [over algorithm bias in hiring platforms] [Decades-long] [underinvestment] [in public infrastructure]

注意這些片語本身都不是句子——它們是一個名詞片語，當主詞或受詞用。

Task 2 整句組合

把複雜名詞片語當主詞，句子立刻升級：

Before（Band 6）

Young people are now facing problems. They cannot find stable jobs. This is happening in many countries.

三個句子。

After（Band 7+）

A growing proportion of young graduates entering unstable employment reflects a structural shift across many developed economies.

一個句子。資訊相同——資訊密度翻倍。

壓縮改寫——把 relative clauses 改成名詞片語

對照表

| Band 6（relative clause） | Band 7+（名詞片語） | |--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | people who are old | the elderly / an ageing population | | countries that are developing | developing nations | | policies that are aimed at reducing emissions | emissions-reduction policies | | a system that works well | a well-functioning system | | problems that are related to mental health | mental-health problems | | students who come from low-income families | students from low-income backgrounds | | technology that is being developed rapidly | rapidly developing technology |

Task 1 也需要

圖表描述特別吃複雜名詞片語——不然字數塞不進 150 字內。

❌ The number of people who were unemployed and who live in rural areas rose.（15 字） ✓ Rural unemployment rose sharply.（4 字）

❌ The amount of energy that came from sources that can be renewed increased.（14 字） ✓ Energy generated from renewable sources rose.（7 字）

常見錯誤

錯誤 1：形容詞順序

❌ a traditional small Chinese village ✓ a small traditional Chinese village（Size → Opinion → Origin）

錯誤 2：-ing 跟 -ed 分詞搞混

❌ A rapidly developed economy（被動意義，錯） ✓ A rapidly developing economy（主動意義，正在發展）

❌ Policies adopting by many nations ✓ Policies adopted by many nations（被各國採用——被動）

錯誤 3：太長變成怪物

❌ A rapidly ageing rural population with limited access to healthcare suffering from chronic illnesses requiring long-term treatment provided by overstretched rural hospitals...

規則：一個名詞片語最多 1 個前修飾層 + 1 個後修飾層。超過就拆成兩句。

10 題壓縮練習

把下列句子用複雜名詞片語重寫，更簡潔。

  1. There is a trend that is growing. It affects how young people communicate online.
  2. The number of policies that aim to reduce carbon is increasing.
  3. Students who come from families with low incomes often struggle.
  4. The economy is developing rapidly. This is creating new challenges.
  5. There are concerns that are widely held. They relate to data privacy.
  6. The unemployment rate of people living in rural areas has risen.
  7. Measures that are designed to tackle obesity have been introduced.
  8. A population that is ageing quickly puts pressure on the healthcare system.
  9. Technology that helps accessibility has improved significantly.
  10. The gap between pupils who attain well and those who attain poorly has widened.

解答

  1. A growing trend is reshaping online communication among young people.
  2. The number of carbon-reduction policies is rising.
  3. Students from low-income backgrounds often struggle.
  4. A rapidly developing economy creates fresh challenges.
  5. Widely held concerns over data privacy persist.
  6. Rural unemployment has risen.
  7. Obesity-reduction measures have been introduced.
  8. A rapidly ageing population strains the healthcare system.
  9. Accessibility-oriented technology has improved significantly.
  10. The attainment gap between high- and low-performing pupils has widened.

每題字數減少 30-50%——Task 1 與 Task 2 都可以直接套用。

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