IELTS Writing 四個評分項裡，Grammar Range and Accuracy 佔 25%——跟 Task Response 同等重要。Grammar Range 的意思不是「文法沒錯」，而是「展示多樣的文法結構」。

被動語態（Passive Voice）是其中最容易加分、卻也最容易濫用的結構。Examiner 看到 3-5 個用得自然的被動句——加分。看到 20 個硬塞的被動句——整篇變得機械、扣分。

為什麼被動語態能加分

Band 7 評分描述：uses a variety of complex structures。被動語態是「複雜結構清單」裡最好用的一個，因為：

  1. 它把重點從「誰做」轉向「發生什麼」——符合學術語氣
  2. 它讓句子有 subject 變化——避免通篇 I / We / People 開頭
  3. 它是流程、地圖、通則陳述的自然語法——Task 1 & Task 2 都需要

基本形式快速複習

主動：Subject  + 動詞       + 受詞
被動：Subject (原受詞) + be + 過去分詞 + (by + 原主詞)

| 時態 | 主動 | 被動 | |-----------------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------| | 現在簡單式 | Engineers design bridges. | Bridges are designed by engineers. | | 過去簡單式 | They built it in 1920. | It was built in 1920. | | 現在完成式 | Researchers have found... | It has been found that... | | 未來 | The law will ban it. | It will be banned. | | 情態動詞 | Governments should fund... | This should be funded. |

四個高報酬使用情境

情境 1：Task 1 流程圖（製造、自然循環）

流程描述的標準文法就是被動。把機器、水、糖當主詞——不是工人。

At the first stage, the raw beans are harvested and transported to the processing plant. They are then washed, dried, and roasted at high temperatures, after which the roasted beans are ground into powder and packaged for distribution.

一段 4 句，6 個被動——完全自然，因為流程描述沒有「誰」做，只有「發生了什麼」。

情境 2：Task 1 地圖（前後對比）

描述地圖變化時，很少說「市長蓋了新醫院」——通常說「新醫院被建造」。

The old farmhouse in the north was demolished and replaced by a supermarket, while the railway line was removed entirely. A pedestrian plaza was constructed along its former path.

情境 3：Task 2 通則陳述（不確定主詞是誰）

討論社會現象時，「誰做這件事」通常不重要——用被動讓焦點回到現象本身。

It is widely believed that early language exposure produces superior long-term outcomes.

It has been argued that urbanisation inevitably erodes traditional community bonds.

Such policies are often criticised for favouring established interests.

這些 it is said / it has been argued / it is widely believed 在 BBC 跟 The Economist 滿天飛——Band 7 的標準學術語氣。

情境 4：Task 2 因果句（強調結果不是原因）

The decline was caused by a combination of economic pressures and shifting consumer habits.

Much of the current problem was driven by deregulation in the 1980s.

警告：不要濫用

這是 Band 7+ 跟 Band 7 考生的分水嶺。280 字的 Task 2 essay，3-5 個被動句最佳。20 個就翻車。

為什麼？濫用的症狀：

  • 句子失去主詞變化——每句都 It is... / This has been... / It was...
  • 讀起來像官樣文章——冰冷、機械
  • Examiner 察覺你在「表演文法」而非運用它

規則：先用主動寫完初稿，挑 3-5 個最適合的句子改成被動。不要反過來操作。

Before / After 對照段

❌ 全主動（Band 6）

Governments create policies to protect the environment. These policies affect many industries. Companies often criticise them. However, scientists support them. Citizens also need to change their habits. We should use less plastic and save energy. This way, we can protect the Earth for future generations.

50 字，零被動——讀起來像清單。

✓ 整合 3 個被動（Band 7+）

Policies aimed at environmental protection are routinely criticised by affected industries, yet are widely supported within the scientific community. Individual action also matters: plastic use should be reduced, and energy consumption curtailed. Together, these coordinated measures offer the clearest path to preserving ecosystems for future generations.

同樣 50 字，3 個被動——學術語氣出現、主詞多樣、Grammar Range 加分。不是 20 個被動——只有 3 個。這是關鍵。

8 題轉換練習（主動 → 被動）

改寫下列句子為被動語態。每題保留原意。

  1. Scientists have discovered a new species in the Amazon.
  2. The government will announce the reform next month.
  3. Previous generations built this bridge in 1875.
  4. Workers heat the mixture to 200 degrees.
  5. Critics have questioned the policy's effectiveness.
  6. Many researchers consider this the most significant study of the decade.
  7. People drink coffee in nearly every country.
  8. The city will demolish the old stadium next year.

解答

  1. A new species has been discovered in the Amazon (by scientists).
  2. The reform will be announced next month.
  3. This bridge was built in 1875.
  4. The mixture is heated to 200 degrees.
  5. The policy's effectiveness has been questioned.
  6. This is considered the most significant study of the decade.
  7. Coffee is drunk in nearly every country.
  8. The old stadium will be demolished next year.

自我檢查：每個被動句是否比主動更適合該情境？如果把它放回 Task 1 或 Task 2 段落裡，讀起來更學術嗎？如果沒有——主動其實更好。

三個不要用被動的場合

  1. Speaking Part 1 / Part 3 —— 太正式，顯得不自然
  2. Informal letters —— The letter was sent by me 像法律文件，不像朋友信
  3. 短句或已經很清楚的動作 —— The child was cried 錯（cry 是不及物）；The meeting was held 沒必要如果你剛講過誰開會

延伸閱讀：