國際合作題是 Part 3 最抽象的主題之一——可能涉及聯合國、氣候協議、WHO、貿易規則等。陷阱：考生說 "countries should work together for peace" 這種空話。Band 7 必須指出具體機制 + 具體合作或失敗例子。
Part 3 國際合作題的三大切入
| 議題 | 題目範例 | |------|----------| | 氣候 | Can countries genuinely cooperate to fight climate change? | | 健康 | What lessons did the world learn about global cooperation from the pandemic? | | 貿易 | Is free trade still beneficial in today's world? |
5 題代表題 + Band 7+ 範例
Q1. Why is it so hard for countries to cooperate on global problems?
I'd say the deepest reason is the time-frame mismatch. Politicians answer to voters on a 4-year cycle, whereas problems like climate change unfold over decades, so the costs feel domestic and immediate while the benefits feel distant and shared. On top of that, there's no real enforcement above the nation-state — the UN can recommend, but it can't compel — which makes free-riding very tempting.
Q2. Has globalisation made international cooperation easier or harder?
It genuinely cuts both ways. On one hand, supply chains and shared platforms mean that countries are more entangled than ever, which arguably forces a baseline of cooperation. On the other hand, the same connectedness has made domestic populations more anxious about losing jobs or sovereignty, which has fed a wave of populist resistance. So I'd say it has raised both the need for and the difficulty of cooperation simultaneously.
Q3. What did the world learn about cooperation from the pandemic?
Honestly, the lessons were mixed. On one hand, vaccine development was an extraordinary achievement of cross-border science — Pfizer-BioNTech was effectively a German-American collaboration, and that wouldn't have been possible without years of open research. On the other hand, vaccine distribution was deeply unequal, and information-sharing between countries broke down repeatedly. So we proved we can cooperate technically; politically, much less so.
Q4. Is free trade still beneficial in today's world?
Generally speaking, the economic evidence still favours free trade — it has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, particularly in East Asia. That said, arguably the benefits within rich countries have been distributed unevenly, with manufacturing communities bearing a real cost. So I'd say the question isn't whether free trade works, but how the gains are shared internally — and that part has been politically neglected.
Q5. Should richer countries help poorer ones more than they currently do?
I'd argue yes, partly out of self-interest. Climate disruption, pandemics and migration don't respect borders — a stable world is cheaper than an unstable one. On the other hand, badly designed aid can entrench corruption or local industries, so the form matters as much as the amount. Direct cash transfers and trade access often beat traditional aid programmes, at least according to recent development research.
三層結構提醒
Claim — I'd say / It cuts both ways / Generally speaking...
Reason — because / since / partly driven by / structurally...
Example — Paris Agreement / Pfizer-BioNTech / WTO disputes / EU mechanisms...Band 7 必殺：每題至少一個真實國際機構或協議名稱（UN, Paris Agreement, WTO, WHO, EU, NATO, ASEAN）。
主題詞彙（Band 7 級）
| 詞彙 | 中文 | 範例 chunk | |------|------|------------| | international cooperation | 國際合作 | foster genuine international cooperation | | multilateral agreement | 多邊協議 | a binding multilateral agreement | | cross-border | 跨國 | cross-border information sharing | | sovereignty | 主權 | concerns about national sovereignty | | diplomatic ties | 外交關係 | strengthen diplomatic ties | | trade barriers | 貿易壁壘 | lower trade barriers reciprocally | | free-riding | 搭便車 | free-riding undermines collective action | | supply chain | 供應鏈 | resilient global supply chains | | humanitarian aid | 人道援助 | deliver humanitarian aid impartially | | climate accord | 氣候協議 | the Paris climate accord | | pandemic response | 疫情應變 | coordinated pandemic response | | sanctions | 制裁 | targeted economic sanctions | | development aid | 發展援助 | development aid with strings attached | | collective action problem | 集體行動難題 | a classic collective action problem |
台灣考生常見陷阱：空泛口號
"Countries should work together. Cooperation is good. Peace is important." —— 三句都對，三句都拿不到 Band 7。國際題必須講出具體機制或事件。
修正：把口號換成機構名 + 具體例子：
Before: Countries should cooperate on climate change.
After: The Paris Agreement is the most ambitious attempt so far, and arguably it has shifted the global conversation. On the other hand, the targets are non-binding, and emissions have continued to rise, so I'd say the framework is right but the enforcement teeth aren't there yet.