科學與研究（Science & Research）在 Task 2 出題位置很靈活：太空研究值不值得花錢、基因工程是否該禁、純研究 vs 應用研究的優先性、政府是否該補助科學家。科學詞彙還有一個額外用途——任何 Task 2 主題引用 research has shown that… 都需要這套字。

考生最常踩的坑：通篇 scientists, do experiments, discover something——Band 5。Band 7+ 用 researchers, conduct studies, empirical evidence, breakthroughs, peer-reviewed。

搭配 Band 6 → 7 詞彙升級 與 Academic Collocations。

這個主題的雙重價值

科學詞彙不只是科學題在用——任何 Task 2 想引述研究都會用到。寫 empirical studies suggest… 比寫 scientists say… 高一個 Band。值得早點背熟。

五大子類詞彙

1. 研究方法（Research Methods）

| 中文 | 英文 | Band 7+ 例句 | |----------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 進行研究 | conduct research | Independent labs conduct research that corporate funding rarely permits. | | 實證證據 | empirical evidence | Empirical evidence overwhelmingly supports the value of routine immunisation. | | 同儕審查 | peer review | Peer review is imperfect, but no superior gatekeeping mechanism has yet emerged. | | 對照實驗 | controlled experiment | A well-designed controlled experiment isolates the variable of genuine interest. | | 資料分析 | data analysis | Modern data analysis can reveal patterns invisible to earlier statistical methods. |

2. 科學分支（Branches of Science）

| 中文 | 英文 | Band 7+ 例句 | |----------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 自然科學 | natural sciences | The natural sciences benefit from cumulative progress in ways the humanities rarely match. | | 應用科學 | applied science | Applied science translates fundamental insight into deployable technology. | | 純粹研究 | pure / basic research | Basic research seeds the breakthroughs that applied work later commercialises. | | 跨領域研究 | interdisciplinary research | Interdisciplinary research is increasingly necessary as siloed problems become rare. | | 太空探索 | space exploration | Space exploration produces consumer technologies long after the headlines fade. |

3. 發現與突破（Discoveries & Breakthroughs）

| 中文 | 英文 | Band 7+ 例句 | |----------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 突破 | breakthrough | A genuine breakthrough usually depends on decades of incremental work. | | 創新 | innovation | Innovation rarely emerges where funding rewards only short-term applications. | | 假說 | hypothesis | A hypothesis becomes scientific only when it can in principle be falsified. | | 結論 | findings / conclusions | Recent findings on sleep have overturned advice that stood for decades. | | 範式轉移 | paradigm shift | Paradigm shifts retrospectively look obvious; in real time they are bitterly contested. |

4. 實際應用（Applications）

| 中文 | 英文 | Band 7+ 例句 | |----------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 醫學進展 | medical advancement | Medical advancements over the past century have nearly doubled life expectancy. | | 基因工程 | genetic engineering | Genetic engineering forces ethical questions that policy has yet to answer cleanly. | | 再生能源科技 | renewable energy technology | Renewable energy technology has fallen in price faster than even optimists predicted. | | 生物科技 | biotechnology | Biotechnology now drives growth across pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and materials. | | 太空科技 | space technology | Space technology has unexpectedly transformed weather forecasting and farming. |

5. 研究議題（Research Issues）

| 中文 | 英文 | Band 7+ 例句 | |----------------|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 研究經費 | research funding | Sustained research funding produces results that short-cycle grants rarely deliver. | | 科學素養 | scientific literacy | Public scientific literacy underpins democratic decisions on emerging technologies. | | 倫理審查 | ethical review | Ethical review boards exist precisely because scientists are not ethics specialists. | | 學術詐欺 | academic misconduct | Academic misconduct undermines trust in science long after the offenders are punished. | | 商業化壓力 | commercialisation pressure | Commercialisation pressure increasingly determines which research questions get asked. |

高頻搭配詞束

| 中文 | Collocation | 示範 | |------------------|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 進行研究 | conduct a study | The team conducted a longitudinal study spanning twenty years. | | 提出假設 | put forward a hypothesis | Putting forward a falsifiable hypothesis is harder than it sounds. | | 發表研究 | publish findings | The findings were published in a leading peer-reviewed journal. | | 證實假設 | confirm a theory | The experiment confirmed the theory under conditions previously unattainable. | | 駁斥主張 | refute a claim | Subsequent replication refuted the original claim within three years. | | 推動科學進展 | advance scientific knowledge | Open data has advanced scientific knowledge faster than any single funding shift. |

避免這些被用到爛的字

| 過度使用 ❌ | Band 7+ 替換 ✓ | |------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | scientists | researchers / academics / specialists / domain experts | | find / discover | uncover / identify / establish / demonstrate | | experiment | controlled trial / empirical study / investigation | | say / show | suggest / indicate / demonstrate / contend |

提醒：Task 2 引研究時 scientists say smoking is bad 是 Band 5。換成 researchers have demonstrated that tobacco use significantly elevates respiratory disease risk——直接 Band 7+。

150 字示範段

題目脈絡：Some argue governments should fund pure research even when it has no obvious practical application.

A strong case exists for sustained public research funding for basic research, despite its often invisible short-term payoff. The history of science repeatedly shows that breakthroughs with major medical advancement or industrial significance — penicillin, the laser, gene editing — emerged from inquiry that, in its day, attracted ridicule rather than commercial interest. Conducting research without immediate application sustains the interdisciplinary research environment in which unexpected connections form, and protects the slow accumulation of empirical evidence on which later innovation depends. Allowing only applied science to attract funding effectively privatises curiosity, leaving fundamental questions to whichever firm can monetise them fastest. Critics question the cost, yet a small share of the science budget devoted to pure research has, by every credible historical estimate, repaid itself many times over. Advancing scientific knowledge broadly remains the most reliable engine of long-term productivity.

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