自然循環題（water cycle / carbon cycle / nitrogen cycle）沒有明確起點終點，最容易寫成「太陽 → 蒸發 → 下雨 → 河流 → 海」的單向流水。本篇示範怎麼用 cyclical / continuous / replenishes 凸顯循環性質，並用學術名詞 evaporation / condensation / precipitation 取代口語 turn into。
題目與流程
The diagram below shows the natural water cycle. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
流程元素：
- 太陽加熱海洋表面，水分 evaporation（蒸發）上升
- 水蒸氣在高空冷卻 condensation（凝結）成 clouds（雲）
- 雲移動至陸地上空
- 雲釋放 precipitation（降水：雨 / 雪）落至地面
- 一部分水進入 rivers（河流）流回海洋
- 一部分水滲入地下成 groundwater（地下水）
- 地下水最終滲出至 sea（海），循環繼續
完整範文（167 字）
¹ The diagram illustrates the natural water cycle, depicting the continuous movement of water between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land.
² Overall, the process is cyclical rather than linear, with water being driven upwards by solar energy, redistributed across the continents as rainfall, and ultimately returned to the sea through rivers and underground channels — a loop that replenishes itself indefinitely.
³ The cycle begins over the oceans, where heat from the sun causes surface water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as invisible vapour. ⁴ As this moist air ascends to cooler altitudes, it undergoes condensation, forming the clouds that are then transported inland by prevailing winds.
⁵ Once over the land, the clouds release their moisture as precipitation, either as rain or, in colder regions, as snow. ⁶ The fallen water follows two principal routes back to the sea: a proportion flows overland through streams and rivers, while the remainder seeps into the soil and accumulates as groundwater. ⁷ Both pathways eventually discharge into the ocean, where the cycle begins anew.
句句 Band Descriptor 解析
- 句 1 — Task Achievement: depicting the continuous movement of water between the oceans, the atmosphere and the land — 分詞片語 + 三元素，一句寫清楚範圍。
- 句 2 — Task Achievement (Overview): cyclical rather than linear — 循環題 overview 必備對比。a loop that replenishes itself indefinitely 強調永續性。Band 7+ overview。
- 句 3 — Grammar Range: where heat from the sun causes surface water to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere as invisible vapour — cause X to do + as 修飾語。
- 句 4 — Lexical: undergoes condensation, forming the clouds that are then transported inland by prevailing winds — undergo 學術動詞 + 分詞片語承接。
- 句 5 — Lexical: release their moisture as precipitation, either as rain or, in colder regions, as snow — either...or... 加入條件。
- 句 6 — Grammar Range: follows two principal routes... a proportion flows overland... while the remainder seeps into — 分兩路徑 + while 並列。
- 句 7 — Coherence: Both pathways eventually discharge... where the cycle begins anew — 收尾回到起點，強調循環。
10 組水循環學術名詞
| Phrase | 中文 | |--------|------| | cyclical rather than linear | 循環而非線性 | | a loop that replenishes itself | 自我更新的循環 | | driven upwards by solar energy | 由太陽能向上驅動 | | undergo evaporation / condensation | 歷經蒸發／凝結 | | ascend to cooler altitudes | 上升至較冷高空 | | be transported inland by prevailing winds | 由盛行風吹送至內陸 | | release moisture as precipitation | 以降水形式釋出水氣 | | flow overland through streams and rivers | 經溪流與河川流過地表 | | seep into the soil and accumulate as groundwater | 滲入土壤並累積為地下水 | | discharge into the ocean | 匯入海洋 |
本篇避開的常見錯誤
錯誤 1：用口語動詞。 Water turns into clouds. Then clouds drop rain. — Lexical Resource 卡 6.0。學術詞：water undergoes condensation to form clouds; clouds release precipitation。
錯誤 2：Overview 寫成「水從海裡蒸發到陸地再回到海」。 — 這只是流程複述，不是 overview。Overview 要有 insight（循環 vs 線性、永續性）。
本範文三個招牌修辭：
- cyclical rather than linear（對比性 overview）
- a loop that replenishes itself indefinitely（強調永續）
- where the cycle begins anew（結尾回到起點，首尾呼應）
這三句把一個簡單流程寫出哲學味，評分員會注意到 Task Achievement 的 insight。