環境議題是 Task 2 主力——海洋塑膠在 2024-2025 出現過六次。本篇示範 Problem/Solution 題「成因與解方完全配對」的高效寫法。

題目

Plastic waste in the oceans has become a serious environmental problem.

What are the causes of this issue, and what measures can governments take to address it?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words.

題型：Problem/Solution（雙問）。要點：causes 和 measures 必須對應，否則 Coherence 失分。

完整範文（298 字）

¹ Marine plastic pollution, now visible from the Pacific gyres to remote Antarctic shorelines, has emerged as one of the defining environmental challenges of this generation. ² Its drivers are essentially structural rather than incidental, and the most effective government responses must combine upstream regulation with international coordination.

³ The first major cause is the explosive growth of single-use packaging in low-priced consumer markets. ⁴ Global production of disposable plastic products climbed from roughly 2 million tonnes in 1950 to over 460 million tonnes in 2023, much of it designed for a useful life of minutes yet a decay time of centuries. ⁵ Compounding this is the inadequacy of waste-management infrastructure in many coastal regions, where rivers act as efficient conveyor belts carrying mismanaged refuse straight into the sea — a 2022 Ourworldindata estimate placed roughly 1,000 rivers responsible for around 80% of ocean-bound plastic.

⁶ Governments can respond effectively, but only by treating prevention as more important than clean-up. ⁷ A first measure is binding extended-producer-responsibility laws, which oblige manufacturers to redesign packaging for genuine recyclability and to fund collection schemes — France and South Korea have already shown that such laws cut the worst-offending categories by double digits within five years. ⁸ Equally important is targeted investment in modern waste systems for the small number of river basins responsible for the bulk of leakage, ideally co-funded through climate-finance mechanisms. ⁹ Finally, an enforceable global treaty banning the most polluting polymer types and harmonising standards would close the loopholes that purely national rules leave open.

¹⁰ In conclusion, ocean plastic is a problem of producer incentives and weak waste systems, not of individual carelessness. ¹¹ Governments that tackle both ends of the chain — through producer-responsibility laws, targeted river-basin investment and a binding international treaty — stand the best chance of reversing it.

句句解析

§1 — Intro

  • 句 1 (Context): "Marine plastic pollution, now visible from the Pacific gyres to remote Antarctic shorelines..." — appositive + 兩極點地理意象。
  • 句 2 (Thesis): "...drivers are essentially structural rather than incidental, and the most effective government responses must combine upstream regulation with international coordination." — 預告 §3 解方架構。

§2 — Causes

  • 句 3 (Cause 1): "The first major cause is the explosive growth of single-use packaging..." — explosive growth 是 Band 7 搭配。
  • 句 4 (Evidence): "...from roughly 2 million tonnes in 1950 to over 460 million tonnes in 2023..." — 70 年數據對比 + useful life of minutes yet a decay time of centuries 對比修辭。
  • 句 5 (Cause 2 + inversion): "Compounding this is the inadequacy of waste-management infrastructure..." — 倒裝開頭！第二個成因用 Compounding this is X ——Grammar Range 大加分。

§3 — Solutions（與 Causes 對應）

  • 句 6 (Topic + framing): "Governments can respond effectively, but only by treating prevention as more important than clean-up." — 一句話定調解方哲學。
  • 句 7 (Solution 1 對應 Cause 1): "A first measure is binding extended-producer-responsibility laws..." — 國家範例（France, South Korea）+ 數字（double digits within five years）。
  • 句 8 (Solution 2 對應 Cause 2): "Equally important is targeted investment in modern waste systems..." — 倒裝 Equally important is X——和 §2 的 Compounding this is X 形成對稱。
  • 句 9 (Coordinator): "Finally, an enforceable global treaty..." — 第三層解方升級到國際。

§4 — Conclusion

  • 句 10 (Diagnosis): "...a problem of producer incentives and weak waste systems, not of individual carelessness." — not of X 排除常見誤解。
  • 句 11 (Triple solution restate): "...through producer-responsibility laws, targeted river-basin investment and a binding international treaty..." — em-dash 三方案濃縮。

四大評分項證據表

| 評分項 | 本篇證據 | Band | |--------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------| | Task Response | 兩個成因 + 對應三個解方；國家案例（France, South Korea）；70 年產量對比；結論排除誤解 | 7 | | Coherence & Cohesion | 段落功能分明；signpost（A first measure, Equally important, Finally）；causes/solutions 結構對稱 | 7 | | Lexical Resource | Topic-specific（single-use packaging, extended-producer-responsibility, river basins, polymer types, leakage）；搭配（close the loopholes, conveyor belts） | 7 | | Grammar Range | Inversion（Compounding this is X; Equally important is Y）；participle（designed for, banning the most polluting）；em-dash 三 noun parallel | 7 |

三個可複製的動作

1. 倒裝 Compounding this is X

第二成因/解方用倒裝開頭——句 5 + 句 8 形成對稱，Grammar Range 直升 Band 7。

2. useful life of minutes yet decay time of centuries

句 4 的時間對比修辭——把抽象問題視覺化。Lexical resource 的「修辭意象」是 Band 7→8 的關鍵。

3. Causes 和 Solutions 配對編號

§2 給兩個 cause；§3 解方順序 first ... equally important ... finally ——直接和 cause 對應。Coherence 7 的硬要求。

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